I notice a dichotomy:
The people with no direct experience in the issue at hand, talking about ideological concepts.
The people with direct experience talking about what they perceive as reality.
How should this work out?
I would go with those that have real world, first hand experience every time. If they have a reputation for being honest, having integrity and set an example of how to be, you can't go wrong.
The other group is based on opinion and pure speculation. They do not have the necessary experience, skills or first hand knowledge to successfully implement what does/does not work.
We do not live in a perfect world, so ideological concepts often fall to the sides because they simply are not practical on a grand scale.
The question/theme that has been asked in the OP is, "how do we help make inner city kids/teens become productive members of society as adults"?
I would start by putting the responsibility on the parent(s), and make this on a statewide level. If you receive government benefits for housing, food, etc., then it is up to you, as a parent that decided to have children in the first place (more than likely for obvious reasons), that you WILL make sure your children go to school, stay in school and maintain at a minimum a 2.0 GPA. If your child skips school or fails to meet that mediocre C average, then your benefits for that child will cease until the grades are pulled back up and/or attendance improves. This will require some tough love from state governments, but it won't take long before those parents start parenting, when they see their free ride is being choked off.
At the same time, you can't let children starve so there would need to be mandatory minimum benefits that are earmarked for grocery items only. Cigarettes, alcohol, movie rentals, etc. can't be purchased with government benefits.
You may not realize it, but in the USA (depending on state) some welfare recipients receive up to $60,000 tax free, depending on the size of their family. Of course they don't want to work and have that free ride taken away. You can blame your local Democrats for the state of entitlement programs, courtesy of you, the tax payer.
Oh, and before anyone can accuse me of being racist or picking on minorities, there are more whites on welfare in the USA than any other race. That is because whites make up 77% of the population.
The reason why minority groups seem to be the focus is because they are the ones that typically live in inner city, high crime areas that always make the news.