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The Resurrection is it provable?

Aštra’el

Aštara, Blade of Aštoreth
Many religions embrace the idea that God(s) created the world we live in.

As we have seen in countless video games… concepts of respawns/ continues/ extra lives are almost always included within our own created worlds. I would expect God(s) to include some version of this as well.
 

It Aint Necessarily So

Veteran Member
Premium Member
Yes, obviously, the statement is made is scientific but giving specific analogy of how two people (or in this case 7) can look at the same evidence and come to a different conclusion.

They haven't come to conclusions. That's the important distinction you are missing here between how these scientists think and how faith-based thinkers think. The scientists will be in agreement that all of those ideas are possibly correct, although each may have a different favorite than the next. They have NOT come to different conclusions using the same evidence. And if two thought that they had compelling arguments for different hypotheses, they could resolve their differences using the method I outlined. "I'm sure it was tidal pools and not ocean vents because of the following evidence" followed by a reply of, "You need to get that published yesterday" or "That is incorrect for the following reasons, which demonstrate that I am correct" until they come to agreement. If one has come to a hasty and false conclusion, either he is amenable to seeing and dispassionately evaluating counterarguments, or he's just another faith-based believing as fact that which hasn't been demonstrated to be so, whose conclusions are rejected.

I'd like you to take a moment and understand what that means about evaluating evidence in the scientific community. It is not seven schools arguing that they are correct as it would be with seven clergy of different faiths having seven different ideas. Each will consider his belief fact and treat it as a settled conclusion. These are two different and incompatible approaches to epistemology.

Are you suggesting that the 7 theories are by faith?

No. They are logical possibilities not yet ruled in or out.

Yes, there are some positions that Craig and Ham make that are theories and not evidential. But I wouldn't call that "by faith".

I would. That's the definition of faith - insufficiently justified belief. If you can't convince experienced empiricists, your belief is faith-based.

upload_2022-7-31_14-3-52.png
 

Subduction Zone

Veteran Member
It's all in google. Please don't ask me to do your homework ;)
No, it is your claim. It is your homework. And you can find anything in Google. What you appear to need practice on is finding reliable sources.

By the way, when I point out that someone has used a bogus source I can show why. You don't like Wiki, but you do not seem to be able to support that claim. Wiki is a fine tool for concepts that are well accepted and supported. When dealing with very recent discoveries then you will probably want to go to the source or as close to it as possible. How are you going to show that Wiki is not a valid tool when used appropriately?
 

Kenny

Face to face with my Father
Premium Member
They haven't come to conclusions. That's the important distinction you are missing here between how these scientists think and how faith-based thinkers think. The scientists will be in agreement that all of those ideas are possibly correct, although each may have a different favorite than the next. They have NOT come to different conclusions using the same evidence. And if two thought that they had compelling arguments for different hypotheses, they could resolve their differences using the method I outlined. "I'm sure it was tidal pools and not ocean vents because of the following evidence" followed by a reply of, "You need to get that published yesterday" or "That is incorrect for the following reasons, which demonstrate that I am correct" until they come to agreement. If one has come to a hasty and false conclusion, either he is amenable to seeing and dispassionately evaluating counterarguments, or he's just another faith-based believing as fact that which hasn't been demonstrated to be so, whose conclusions are rejected.

OK... but there is still 7 (unless it has changed) so apparently they couldn't resolve their differences.

I'd like you to take a moment and understand what that means about evaluating evidence in the scientific community. It is not seven schools arguing that they are correct as it would be with seven clergy of different faiths having seven different ideas. Each will consider his belief fact and treat it as a settled conclusion. These are two different and incompatible approaches to epistemology.

IMO, I think you are viewing it with a little bias. Probably both sides have those who argue and those that do not.

When Einstein spoke about his Theory of Relativity, there were arguments, if my memory serves me correctly

No. They are logical possibilities not yet ruled in or out.

OK... and we have our that haven't been ruled out one way or the other.

I would. That's the definition of faith - insufficiently justified belief. If you can't convince experienced empiricists, your belief is faith-based.

I disagree with your definition. I think that is the traditional (however wrong) viewpoint.

I hold to a scriptural definition of "Now faith is the substance of things hoped for and the evidence of things not seen".

Let's look at Benjamin Franklin after so many efforts to find the right filament. He hoped to find it and he wanted to produce evidence of success though not yet seen. Faith give it substance. (The story might not be perfect.

Or, if you want to look at it another way, a person must see a gold medal in his imagination by faith before he can manifest what he believes.

(Cool Runnings comes to mind)


So, obviously, we have a different viewpoint of what faith is... which one is correct?
 

Subduction Zone

Veteran Member
Hmm, it has been a while so I might need to remind the theists of the title of this thread and the OP itself.

The title is:

"The resurrection, is it provable?"

And the OP itself:

"Is there any scientific proof or historic proof that Jesus was resurrected and crucified?"

This puts all of the burden of proof upon the believers. It appears that we all agree that the answer to these questions is "No."
 

It Aint Necessarily So

Veteran Member
Premium Member
OK... but there is still 7 (unless it has changed) so apparently they couldn't resolve their differences.

We're at an impasse, since you won't acknowledge the difference between a conclusion and a logically possible hypothesis. I've already emphasized the difference between seven people proposing seven contradictory hypotheses and seven people who have come to seven contradictory conclusions. You didn't acknowledge that or use either word in your answer, so I'm not expecting you to do so here either, so I just want to summarize my position before moving on. Sorry, but I've changed my limit for how many times I'll repeat myself before what has been said is assimilated by the other guy. I used to think that if I found just the right words, I could get through, and the discussion would reflect an understanding of those words by both parties. If it doesn't happen after one or two tries, I move on, understanding from experience here that it never will.

Let's say that there are seven different logically possible alternatives offered, none ruled in and none ruled out. Science will not conclude that any of them is correct. With faith in creationism, they are all ruled out simply because they contradict the faith-based belief. Remember, this sub-thread began when you, a faith-based thinker, said he evaluates the evidence differently. I don't believe that you thought that you had an eighth hypothesis, none ruled in or out yet. You ruled one in and all the rest out. That's a conclusion, and it's not amenable to correction even if evidence demonstrates that it is incorrect.

I am just summarizing my position before moving on.

When Einstein spoke about his Theory of Relativity, there were arguments, if my memory serves me correctly

Einstein offered a hypothesis that contradicted the existing narrative. It didn't become a conclusion of science until it was empirically confirmed. Hypothesis, conclusion, conclusion, hypothesis. Not the same, although you conflate them. Yes, Einstein interpreted the evidence differently and developed a HYPOTHESIS, then he showed why it was correct, and it graduated to theory when a CONCLUSION became justified.

If science and scientists were faith-based thinkers, they might have said what you did, which is essentially, "that's not how I see it," and walk away. But scientists understand that when there are discrepancies in what they see, their work is not over. At least one camp is wrong. That's because they understand that if the same evidence leads to two different hypotheses, at least one is wrong, and they look for different predictions of the hypotheses to see which if either is correct. In the case of Einstein, he predicted an observation that was not predicted by the existing narrative, namely, that gravity bends the path of light. An experiment was devised to test this. Einstein was correct, and dissent eventually disappeared. That's because they take the idea of coming to contradictory conclusions using the same data as an indication that at least one of those ideas is incorrect, not merely, "Well, that's not how I choose to see it."

I hold to a scriptural definition of "Now faith is the substance of things hoped for and the evidence of things not seen".

That's poetry. It doesn't actually say anything. Faith is obviously not substance or evidence. Substance is evidence, and faith is neither. Faith is belief before observing that evidence. There is no need to add anything to the definition of faith as unjustified belief. That definition is perfect, because it includes everything that I want to call faith and excludes everything that I call empiricism. Such a definition cannot be improved upon.

Let's look at Benjamin Franklin after so many efforts to find the right filament. He hoped to find it and he wanted to produce evidence of success though not yet seen. Faith give it substance. (The story might not be perfect.

You're probably thinking of Edison. He didn't demonstrate faith there. What belief do you think he held that was unjustified? That he might discover a substance adequate to use as a lightbulb filament through trial and error? That's not faith. That's a justified belief. He might and he did, but he might not have. That was also logically possible. Hope is not faith. Faith would be to assume that such a substance definitely existed and that he would find it, which is unjustified belief - not that it might exist and that he might find it if it did, which IS justified belief.
 

Kenny

Face to face with my Father
Premium Member
We're at an impasse, since you won't acknowledge the difference between a conclusion and a logically possible hypothesis.

My apologies.... there is a different between a theorem and an hypothesis. However, a conclusion may be expressed from a theorem since:

However, to be exact, a theory:

A theory is a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data. Because of the rigors of experiment and control, it is much more likely that a theory will be true than a hypothesis.

Doesn't my statement follow the definition? A theory does draw a conclusion until something disproves it.

Einstein offered a hypothesis that contradicted the existing narrative. It didn't become a conclusion of science until it was empirically confirmed. Hypothesis, conclusion, conclusion, hypothesis. Not the same, although you conflate them. Yes, Einstein interpreted the evidence differently and developed a HYPOTHESIS, then he showed why it was correct, and it graduated to theory when a CONCLUSION became justified.

That wasn't my point. My point was that THEY ARGUED and ridiculed. " but, in general, relativity was ridiculed as “totally impractical and absurd.”
why-no-one-believed-einstein

Just a point.

That's poetry. It doesn't actually say anything. Faith is obviously not substance or evidence. Substance is evidence, and faith is neither. Faith is belief before observing that evidence. There is no need to add anything to the definition of faith as unjustified belief. That definition is perfect, because it includes everything that I want to call faith and excludes everything that I call empiricism. Such a definition cannot be improved upon.

Now, this is really just you ignoring a definition that is stated. You are projecting your bias. What, in my examples, is not true?

Faith (vision, what is imagined) is the framework to produce substance (manifested goals and evidence) of things not seen. Like Dick Tracy talking to a watch for communication when internet wasn't even invented.

You will have to do better that just making a personal statement.

You're probably thinking of Edison. He didn't demonstrate faith there. What belief do you think he held that was unjustified? That he might discover a substance adequate to use as a lightbulb filament through trial and error? That's not faith. That's a justified belief. He might and he did, but he might not have. That was also logically possible. Hope is not faith. Faith would be to assume that such a substance definitely existed and that he would find it, which is unjustified belief - not that it might exist and that he might find it if it did, which IS justified belief.

LOL you are soooo right. Edison. Nothing was "unjustified" - he just believed until he found substance of what he hoped for.

Hope and faith are interrelated IMV. Not "i hope it happens" but more like anticipation in the hope. Like, "I'm anticipating and hoping for a great birthday party".

Like I said, until we agree with definition, we don't have a framework.

what you are saying is "Faith is just believing it is so whether I have no proof or not"... I don't agree with that statement. For me that is presumption and foolishness.
 

It Aint Necessarily So

Veteran Member
Premium Member
A theory does draw a conclusion until something disproves it.

Yes, a scientific theory is a conclusion, but as you suggest, it is tentative, since theories cannot be proved. But they can be believed to be correct based on evidence.

But this isn't relevant to my point, which is that if two parties examine the same evidence and arrive at different conclusions, that's not going to be the end of it with empiricists. They will understand that at least one of them is wrong because of that, which will lead to further investigation. That just doesn't happen with the creationists, for example. They don't care that the empiricist has arrived at a contradictory conclusion. It's not an issue for them. It doesn't suggest that they might be incorrect to them. You still haven't responded to that.

My point was that THEY ARGUED and ridiculed. " but, in general, relativity was ridiculed as “totally impractical and absurd.”

That only means that the old school was slow to come around. Everybody involved on either side of that debate understood that either Einstein was right or wrong, and that that mattered. They just didn't think he was right until he demonstrated that he was, and then, science began its paradigm shift. That doesn't happen with faith.

What, in my examples, is not true?

What examples? Edison? I thought I explained. Edison did not believe by faith, or if he did, we have no evidence of it.

Faith (vision, what is imagined) is the framework to produce substance (manifested goals and evidence) of things not seen.

That is not the same as saying that faith is a substance. Faith is an idea. Filaments and light bulbs are substance.

Nothing was "unjustified" - he just believed until he found substance of what he hoped for.

Then if nothing Edison believed was unjustified, why call it faith? Yes, he had good reason to believe that he might be successful. That's not faith. That's just understanding reality well enough to accurately predict that he might be successful.

Hope and faith are interrelated IMV. Not "i hope it happens" but more like anticipation in the hope. Like, "I'm anticipating and hoping for a great birthday party".

Hoping and anticipating are different, and neither of them is faith, unless by anticipating, one means expecting without sufficient reason. I have hopes, but no unjustified beliefs that I am aware of. When I expect a good outcome, I call that optimism, not faith. Here's the difference: You're at a baseball game, and you hope the home team wins. You are optimistic that they will because they are the better team, they've been hot lately, and their ace is starting. Next to you is a faith-based fan who is sure that the home team will win, an unjustified belief. You have hope and optimism. He has faith. Your expectation changes with the score and the inning. His never does.

what you are saying is "Faith is just believing it is so whether I have no proof or not"... I don't agree with that statement. For me that is presumption and foolishness.

What do you call belief without sufficient evidence to justify it? How is faith different from that? The problem here for you is that you don't have a clear definition of faith, just a poetic one. Vague language means nothing specific. Your definition will not answer my question of what to call unjustified belief or how it differs from unjustified belief differs from faith, because, unlike with my suggested definition, one can't identify any statement as a statement of faith or not. I can do that with any statement. I can tell you after one or two questions whether any given belief is justified or not. How do you decide which statements are believed by faith and which are not? What needs to be there to call it faith or not faith? I don't think you can do that with poetic definitions.

Good discussion, though, even though I haven't gotten what I'm looking for from you.
 

Kenny

Face to face with my Father
Premium Member
Yes, a scientific theory is a conclusion, but as you suggest, it is tentative, since theories cannot be proved. But they can be believed to be correct based on evidence.

But this isn't relevant to my point, which is that if two parties examine the same evidence and arrive at different conclusions, that's not going to be the end of it with empiricists. They will understand that at least one of them is wrong because of that, which will lead to further investigation. That just doesn't happen with the creationists, for example. They don't care that the empiricist has arrived at a contradictory conclusion. It's not an issue for them. It doesn't suggest that they might be incorrect to them. You still haven't responded to that.

OK... I can agree that specifically with "Creationists" it may appear to be so.

Of course, as you specifically said, it is from the viewpoint of an empiricist which doesn't deal with spirituality.

So, in reality, we are talking about apples and oranges... that being said, there are some Christians who will hold onto a position even if wrong. (I don't think they have a corner on the market though)

That only means that the old school was slow to come around. Everybody involved on either side of that debate understood that either Einstein was right or wrong, and that that mattered. They just didn't think he was right until he demonstrated that he was, and then, science began its paradigm shift. That doesn't happen with faith.

Can we give the same grace to "old school" believers? Every Christian also understands that someone is right and someone is wrong. :) (We can't all be right and say different things)

Of course, :D, I am right and everyone else is wrong :D (tongue in cheek)

There have been Christians that have changed their viewpoints. I certainly have in certain areas.

What examples? Edison? I thought I explained. Edison did not believe by faith, or if he did, we have no evidence of it.

Again, it is your definition of faith. On mine, I understand it fits perfectly.

That is not the same as saying that faith is a substance. Faith is an idea. Filaments and light bulbs are substance.

Again, not in my understanding, as you are misquoting it. Faith is "the" substance and not "a" substance.

Let's look at it in another translation:

TLB What is faith? It is the confident assurance that something we want is going to happen. It is the certainty that what we hope for is waiting for us, even though we cannot see it up ahead.

Applying it to Edison... He was confidently assured that he would find the right filament. He was certain that the hope he had in what was creating was waiting for it even if he didn't immediately see it ahead.

Is that understandable?

Then if nothing Edison believed was unjustified, why call it faith? Yes, he had good reason to believe that he might be successful. That's not faith. That's just understanding reality well enough to accurately predict that he might be successful.

note above

Hoping and anticipating are different, and neither f them is faith, unless by anticipating, one means expecting without sufficient reason. I have hopes, but no unjustified beliefs that I am aware of. When I expect a good outcome, I call that optimism, not faith. Here's the difference: You're at a baseball game, and you hope the home team wins. You are optimistic that they will because they are the better team, they've been hot lately, and their ace is starting. Next to you is a faith-based fan who is sure that the home team will win, an unjustified belief. You have hope and optimism. He has faith. Your expectation changes with the score and the inning. His never does.

I'm not sure where you are going with this other than "I don't accept a biblical perspective... I only accept my definition"

What do you call belief without sufficient evidence to justify it? How is faith different from that? The problem here for you is that you don't have a clear definition of faith, just a poetic one. Vague language means nothing specific. Your definition will not answer my question of what to call unjustified belief or how it differs from unjustified belief differs from faith, because, unlike with my suggested definition, one can't identify any statement as a statement of faith or not. I can do that with any statement. I can tell you after one or two questions whether any given belief is justified or not. How do you decide which statements are believed by faith and which are not? What needs to be there to call it faith or not faith? I don't think you can do that with poetic definitions.

Please note that your definition of faith for me is called foolishness and presumption. But it isn't a biblical perspective.

Where do you want to go from here?
 

joelr

Well-Known Member
We can ALL agree that the Gospels and some letters don't have a signature and those that don't have a signature can be technically called anonymous.

However, they do have reasons when they have been called Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.

We can also figure out that the Pharisees, Sadducees and Herodians were influenced by things of that time. No argument.

However, the Gospel was preached from the TaNaKh! and NONE of them were written after 300 AD.

So, your points are quite mute since it says "that it might be fulfilled, according to what was written, as it was said by the prophet..." et al


You don't seem to be understanding this post at all? None of the Hellenistic or Persian additions are in the Jewish scripture of in their theology. Why do you think Rabbi Tovia Singer is preaching the NT is pagan?
God promoted to supreme deity (not just God of Israel)
Heaven is for everyone
souls need redemption
a savior can bring salvation through a passion and a 3 day resurrection
baptism
eucharist
these are not from Jewish theology.
Revelation, God vs Satan, and several others are from the Persian religion.

None of this is in the Tanakh. Christianity is a syncretic blend of Greek, Persian and Roman mythology.



Hellenism is a religious movement that started around 300B.C. and began influencing many religions in that region. I listed quite a few.
In 300 B.C. The Greeks invaded and occupied Israel. This is part of the 2nd Temple Period. Hellenism was blended into Judaism through religious syncretism. More specifically it made it's way into some of the OT that was still being canonized and into stories about a Jewish version of a savior (a concept from Hellenism). When the Gospels were written all of the Hellenistic theology (and much Persian, who also occupied Israel) was used to create a new myth for the Jewish people and since Hellenism is cosmopolitian, it includes gentiles as well.


only in Hellenistic times (after c. 330 BCE) did Jews begin to adopt the Greek idea that it would be a place of punishment for misdeeds, and that the righteous would enjoy an afterlife in heaven.[8] In this period too the older three-level cosmology in large measure gave way to the Greek concept of a spherical earth suspended in space at the center of a number of concentric heavens.[9]
-Sang Meyng Lee, Born 1963; 2005-2008 Adjunct Professor at San Francisco Theological Seminary, Pasadena; since 2008, Professor of New Testament and Dean of Academic Affairs at Presbyterian Theological Seminary in America, Santa Fe Springs,


-During the period of the Second Temple (c.515 BC – 70 AD), the Hebrew people lived under the rule of first the Persian Achaemenid Empire, then the Greek kingdoms of the Diadochi, and finally the Roman Empire.[47] Their culture was profoundly influenced by those of the peoples who ruled them.[47] Consequently, their views on existence after death were profoundly shaped by the ideas of the Persians, Greeks, and Romans.[48][49] The idea of the immortality of the soul is derived from Greek philosophy[49] and the idea of the resurrection of the dead is derived from Persian cosmology.[49] By the early first century AD, these two seemingly incompatible ideas were often conflated by Hebrew thinkers.[49] The Hebrews also inherited from the Persians, Greeks, and Romans the idea that the human soul originates in the divine realm and seeks to return there.[47] The idea that a human soul belongs in Heaven and that Earth is merely a temporary abode in which the soul is tested to prove its worthiness became increasingly popular during the Hellenistic period (323 – 31 BC).[40] Gradually, some Hebrews began to adopt the idea of Heaven as the eternal home of the righteous dead.[40]

(Sanders, Lambert and Wright)




Christianity is Hellenism, Persian and some OT theology. Even heaven which was where Yahweh lived in the OT was now home for redeemed souls saved by the savior, all Greek myths.





This shows most Christian concepts come from Hellenism, a trend sweeping through all religions from 300 BC - 100Ad. This is why the "mystery religions" also had dying/rising sons/daughters of their one true God.


-the seasonal drama was homologized to a soteriology (salvation concept) concerning the destiny, fortune, and salvation of the individual after death.


-his led to a change from concern for a religion of national prosperity to one for individual salvation, from focus on a particular ethnic group to concern for every human. The prophet or saviour replaced the priest and king as the chief religious figure.


-his process was carried further through the identification of the experiences of the soul that was to be saved with the vicissitudes of a divine but fallen soul, which had to be redeemed by cultic activity and divine intervention. This view is illustrated in the concept of the paradoxical figure of the saved saviour, salvator salvandus.


-Other deities, who had previously been associated with national destiny (e.g., Zeus, Yahweh, and Isis), were raised to the status of transcendent, supreme



-The temples and cult institutions of the various Hellenistic religions were repositories of the knowledge and techniques necessary for salvation and were the agents of the public worship of a particular deity. In addition, they served an important sociological role. In the new, cosmopolitan ideology that followed Alexander’s conquests, the old nationalistic and ethnic boundaries had broken down and the problem of religious and social identity had become acute.


-Most of these groups had regular meetings for a communal meal that served the dual role of sacramental participation (referring to the use of material elements believed to convey spiritual benefits among the members and with their deity) Eucharist


-Hellenistic philosophy (Stoicism, Cynicism, Neo-Aristotelianism, Neo-Pythagoreanism, and Neoplatonism) provided key formulations for Jewish, Christian, and Muslim philosophy, theology, and mysticism through the 18th century


- The basic forms of worship of both the Jewish and Christian communities were heavily influenced in their formative period by Hellenistic practices, and this remains fundamentally unchanged to the present time. Finally, the central religious literature of both traditions—the Jewish Talmud (an authoritative compendium of law, lore, and interpretation), the New Testament, and the later patristic literature of the early Church Fathers—are characteristic Hellenistic documents both in form and content.


-Other traditions even more radically reinterpreted the ancient figures. The cosmic or seasonal drama was interiorized to refer to the divine soul within man that must be liberated.


-Each persisted in its native land with little perceptible change save for its becoming linked to nationalistic or messianic movements (centring on a deliverer figure)


-and apocalyptic traditions (referring to a belief in the dramatic intervention of a god in human and natural events)


- Particularly noticeable was the success of a variety of prophets, magicians, and healers—e.g., John the Baptist, Jesus, Simon Magus, Apollonius of Tyana, Alexander the Paphlagonian, and the cult of the healer Asclepius—whose preaching corresponded to the activities of various Greek and Roman philosophic missionaries
 
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Clara Tea

Well-Known Member
Good example. Mark took this and made it into an Earthly event. We see how this fiction was created.

The text in Paul, as translated from Greek by Dr Carrier

"For I received from the Lord what I also handed over to you, that the Lord Jesus, during the night he was handed over, took bread, and having given thanks, he broke it and said, “This is my body, which is for you; do this in the remembrance of me.” Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, as often as you might drink it in remembrance of me.” For as often as you might eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes."



MARK 14:22-26
"While they were eating, having taken bread, and having blessed it, he broke it, and gave it to them, saying, “Take; this is my body.” Then, having taken a cup, and having given thanks, he gave it to them, and they all drank from it. And he said to them, “This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. Truly I tell you, that never again shall I drink from the fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it anew in the kingdom of God.” And having sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives."

Notice what’s changed. Paul is describing Jesus miming some actions and explaining their importance. His audience is future Christians. Mark has transformed this into a narrative story by adding people being present and having Jesus interact with them: now “they were eating” (Paul does not mention anyone actually eating) and Jesus gave the bread “to them” (does not occur in Paul) and instructs them to “take” it (no such instruction in Paul); and Jesus gave the cup “to them” (does not occur in Paul) and “they all drink it” (no such event in Paul); and Jesus describes the meaning of the cup “to them” (no such audience in Paul).

Then Jesus says he will not drink “again” until the kingdom comes, a statement that fits a narrative event, implying Jesus drank, and here drank, and often drank, and will pause drinking until the end times. Likewise Jesus “blesses” the bread (which also doesn’t happen in Paul), implying the actual literal bread he has in his hand is thereby rendered special to the ones about to eat it; whereas in Paul that makes no sense, because no one is there to eat it, Jesus is just depicting and explaining a ritual others will perform in his honor, not that he is performing for them. So it is notable that all of these things are absent from Paul. There is no narrative context of this being the last of many cups Jesus has drunk and of Jesus pausing drinking or of his blessing the bread and giving it to people present. In Paul, the whole scene is an instruction to future followers, not a description of a meal Jesus once had.

This is how Mark reifies a revelation in Paul, relating Jesus’s celestial instructions for performing a sacrament and its meaning, into a narrative historical event. Mark has even taken Paul’s language, about Jesus being “handed over,” which in Paul means by God (Romans 8:32, exact same word) and even by himself (Galatians 2:20, exact same word), not by Judas, and converted it into a whole new narrative of a betrayal by “the Jews” (the meaning of Judas, i.e. Judah, i.e. Judea). Paul has no knowledge of a betrayal. Indeed in Paul, all of “the twelve” get to see Jesus right after his death and are recognized as apostles (1 Corinthians 15:5; see Proving History, pp. 151-55).

"Is Resurrection provable?"

Oh, I'm sure that they could always dig someone up to prove it.
 
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