Okey, I like to discuss with you. You're someone who is curious and search. That's positive. I congratulate you. Sorry if I misunderstood you. Sagan and Hoagland in fact teamed together to send Pioneer 10 with mankind message to possible aliens. Sagan in fact had a dubious attitude regarding this, one was the personal and the other was the skeptical image in front of the public.Both of them were closed to Arthur Clark (2001 Space Odysee) as you may be aware. Michio Kaku is reserved regarding his personal point of view but all the examples he did in his book Hyperspace is cos the idea of aliens (he names it Civilization Type I, II, III) is omnipresent in his mind.In fact I sent him a personal letter saying in his examples about Picasso and Dali paintings about hypercubes or Tesseract hyperdimension, he confused the image in the mirror with reality, same mistake done by philosopher Xenophanes he even quoted. Indeed I've been posting in his forum but I was expelled after the moderator couldn't respond my detailed arguments one after another in several issues. They started with ironies and smiling emoticons and then their argument was "this is absurd" with the -expected- general statements without saying what is wrong or why. Really the moderator is an idiot, I'll rather talk with Kaku himself, he's humble enough as we can read between lines in his book.
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Mutation happens as an accident and not in organized manner, so evolution had no purpose if its based upon mutations. The evolutionist of the century (according to Stephen Jay Gould) was Dr. Dobzhansky who experimented with flies. Mutations is lethal. Are unknown the perfected mutants. The flies which were resistant to DDT are in fact weaker and take more time to develop normally, they are less skilled. Bacteria which are more resistant
due to plasmids (pieces of circular DNA), not because of DNA mutation. The genes dont change to resist the antibiotic, the solution is already ready from outside. The bacteria resistant to antibiotics in fact are less skilled. Almost 60% of the mutant Echeria Coli resistant to Streptomicine are DEPENDING on it, they dont grow in areas free from the antibiotic. That means they are destroyed in environment in which required food aint available. There are near 6000 genetic diseases set in correspondent genes but no mutation increased the efficacy of a human protein. I wont use Creationist arguments neither amateur evolucionist faith, you need to read Nobel prize winner, biologist researching penicillin , Ernst Chain in his Was Darwin Wrong?, 1982, page 50 or lets say, Dr. Lee Spetner, scientist and professor in John Hopkins University. Not by chance he says IN ALL READINGS I DID IN SCIENTIFIC BIOLOGY I NEVER FOUND A SINGLE MUTATION WHICH ADDED INFORMATION, or perhaps you need urgently to read Pierre-Paul-Grasse who thinks pretty much the same. Errors in copies cant increase information. Graham Cannon in his The Evolution of Living Things can help you too.
About 2500 genes form an eye and not by accident, casual in a chain of happy coincidences in the laws scientists trust without Law Giver (!). in 4,5 billion years. In Basel University, 1995, it was proved a gene of a rat was able to produce eyes in flies, therefore theres a MASTER GENE which commands all the process in arthropods, squids, mammals, etc. But, how was it possible a gene was in the common ancestral of those animals if the own ancestral didnt have any eyes???? It was a pre-Cambrian bacteria! It didnt exist even the complex genetic system. Mutations are rare in a single gene, its even worst in various genes simultaneously.
A Professor in Massachussetts University, Lynn Margulis (respected by the theory of mitochondria once was independent cell) always asks in the conferences to molecular biologists an unmistakable example of a new specie created by accumulation of mutations. ABSOLUTE SILENCE is the response of the collegues. According to biologist George Gaylord, even in favorable conditions of evolution the po-si-bi-li-ty or pro-ba-bi-li-ty (attention attention, theory not fact) of 5 mutations in the same nucleus is 1 in 1022. In a 100 million human beings and the rate of 1 mutation per day for each generation, such favorable event it would be expected once every 247 billion years or 100 times the age of the Earth. Such process never existed in nature. Check G.G.Simpson The Major Features in Evolution, page 96. You can also read the genetic yoke according to H.J Muller (Radiation Damage to Genetic Material), Christopher Willis, (Genetic Load), Scientific American, Volume 222, March 1970, page 98. Murray Eden in Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution, Moorhead & Kaplan, 1967, page 71. Encyclopedia Britannica , 1976 (Mutations).
Perhaps to 99.9 % of the readers swallowing without checking, it's rather easy to convince them about evolution and Darwinism, etc, etc. Ill rather use my photographic memory and the files I keep on accumulating to digest before swallowing. I dont wanna throw up after. Ignorance aint a sin. Sinner is someone who in spite of being ignorant grabs to its orthodox dogmas repeated in books after books and refuses to learn and to think. Refuses to be curious and asks the ones who think they know. All of us are ignorant in different degrees. Happily you are not an imbecil but keep a "reasonable doubt". Yet, there's a thin layer between being sketpical and cynical.