No it didn't. In the prophets and writings, G-d assures Israel that He will never abandon them.
1 Kings, 6:13
"And I will dwell among the children of Israel and will not forsake my people Israel.”
Isaiah, 54:8-10
“With a little wrath I hid My face from you for a moment; but with everlasting kindness I will have mercy on you,” says the Lord, your Redeemer. “This is like the waters of Noah to Me; for as I have sworn that the waters of Noah would no longer cover the earth, so have I sworn that I would not be angry with you, nor rebuke you. The mountains shall depart and the hills be removed, but My kindness shall not depart from you, nor shall My covenant of peace be removed,” says the Lord, Who has mercy on you.
Jeremiah, 31:35-36
Thus says the Lord, Who gives the sun for light by day and the fixed order of the moon and the stars for light by night, Who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar – the Lord of hosts is His name: If this fixed order were ever to cease from My presence, says the Lord, then also the offspring of Israel would cease to be a nation before Me forever.
Thus says the Lord: If the heavens above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth below can be explored, then I will reject all the offspring of Israel because of all they have done.
G-d will not abandon His people Israel.
I never said G-d would abandon His people, just the provisions of the Covenant changed. The Jewish people were exiled from Israel for over 1,800 years.
We had the first exile through the invasion of the Babylonians and the eventual restoration of Jerusalem and the second temple. Had the Jewish people followed the laws they would have been protected from their enemies as G-d promised (Psalm 110:1-7).
The nature of the relationship changed as evidenced by withdrawal of G-d's protection.
Ironically Isaiah 54:8-10 alludes to a change in the provisions of the Covenant as was established through Noah (Genesis 9:9-17).
Jeremiah 31:31 speaks clearly of a New Covenant.
So G-d did not abandon the people of Israel. If anything the people of Israel abandoned G-d and the relationship betwen the two parties deteriorated.