A Christian contemporary in the 7th century,
John of Nikiû, stated the following regarding the conquest of
Alexandria by 'Amr:
“ On the twentieth of Maskaram, Theodore and all his troops and officers set out and proceeded to the island of Cyprus, and abandoned the city of Alexandria. And thereupon 'Amr the chief of the Moslem made his entry without effort into the city of Alexandria. And the inhabitants received him with respect; for they were in great tribulation and affliction. And Abba Benjamin, the patriarch of the Egyptians, returned to the city of Alexandria in the thirteenth year after his flight from the Romans, and he went to the Churches, and inspected all of them. And every one said: 'This expulsion (of the Romans) and victory of the Moslem is due to the wickedness of the emperor Heraclius and his persecution of the Orthodox through the patriarch Cyrus. This was the cause of the ruin of the Romans and the subjugation of Egypt by the Moslem. And 'Amr became stronger every day in every field of his activity. And he exacted the taxes which had been determined upon, but he took none of the property of the Churches, and he committed no act of spoliation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days.[12] ”
The principles established by the early Caliphs were also honoured during the
Crusades, as exemplified by
Sultans such as
Saladin and
Al-Kamil. For example, after Al-Kamil defeated the
Franks during the
Crusades, Oliverus Scholasticus praised the Islamic
laws of war, commenting on how Al-Kamil supplied the defeated Frankish army with food:
[13]
“ Who could doubt that such goodness, friendship and charity come from God? Men whose parents, sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, had died in agony at our hands, whose lands we took, whom we drove naked from their homes, revived us with their own food when we were dying of hunger and showered us with kindness even when we were in their power.[14] ”
The early Islamic treatises on
international law from the 9th century onwards covered the application of
Islamic ethics,
Islamic economic jurisprudence and Islamic military jurisprudence to international law,
[15] and were concerned with a number of modern international law topics, including the
law of treaties; the treatment of
diplomats,
hostages,
refugees and
prisoners of war; the
right of asylum;
conduct on the battlefield; protection of women, children and
non-combatant civilians;
contracts across the lines of battle; the use of poisonous weapons; and devastation of enemy territory.
[13]