Egypt is not the topic of discussion in this passage of scripture. Pharoah is used briefly as an example, but Paul is discussing the rejection of 'fleshly' Israel!
He explains that Israel were depending on their relationship to Abraham. (Ro 9:6, 7, 30-32) They assumed they were the chosen ones and sought to establish their righteousness through their own works....but not all subjected themselves to the righteousness of God. (Ro 10:1-3)
Therefore, Paul says “it depends, not upon the one wishing nor upon the one running, but upon God, who has mercy.”
This has nothing whatsoever to do with Egypt or Pharoah or hardening hearts.
2. The scriptures tell a different story, Pegg:
Rom 9:18-19 So you see, God chooses to show mercy to some, and He chooses to harden the hearts of others so they refuse to listen.
The fact is that Jehovah foreknew that Pharaoh would refuse permission for the Israelites to leave, see Ex 3:19,*20
He knew the sort of person Pharoah was and knew he wouldnt comply.
There are some translations which render the Hebrew account to read that Jehovah
“let [Pharaoh’s] heart wax bold” (Ro);
“let [Pharaoh’s] heart become obstinate.” (NW)
In the appendix to Rotherham’s translation it makes the point that in Hebrew the occasion or permission of an event is often presented as if it were the cause of the event. An example of this is found at Exodus 1:17 the original Hebrew text literally says that the midwives
“caused the male children to live,” .
Did the midwives really 'cause' the children to live??? No of course not. The account shows that they were instructed to kill the children, but they let them live instead.....the hebrew language says they 'caused' them to live. And its the same with the account about Pharoah...God 'caused' his heart to become obstinate which means that God 'let' that happen.
Rotherham states that the Hebrew sense of the texts involving Pharaoh is that “God permitted Pharaoh to harden his own heart—spared him—gave him the opportunity, the occasion, of working out the wickedness that was in him. That is all.”—The Emphasised Bible, appendix, p. 919; compare Isa 10:5-7.
19 Well then, you might say, "Why does God blame people for not responding? Haven't they simply done what He makes them do?"
Paul then indignantly responds:
Rom 9:20 It cannot be any clearer, Pegg. God sometimes "makes" people do bad things.
Nothing in this passage says that God makes people do bad things. I think you've added that in yourself.
Pauls point is that we are like clay in the hands of God (the great potter). He can put us where he wants and set us in the way he wants. But we determine our own destiny by the course of action we take. And God, can and does, for his own wise, just and loving reasons, choose the time, manner and circumstances for rewarding the righteous and punishing the wicked.
This point is made at Jeremiah 18:6-8:
“Look! As the clay in the hand of the potter, so you are in my hand, O house of Israel. At any moment that I may speak against a nation and against a kingdom to uproot it and to pull it down and to destroy it, and that nation actually turns back from its badness against which I spoke, I will also feel regret over the calamity that I had thought to execute upon it.”
Notice that IF a nation 'TURNS BACK' (repents), God will feel regret over the calamity he purposed to bring.... he changes his mind because of their change of heart.
This happened with Ninevah in the account of Jonah. God sent Jonah to condemn them and pronounce Gods judgement, they all repented and God held back punishment because of their change of heart.
We determine our own destiny.... God will show mercy if he chooses to do so and who are we to question him. Jonah was very angry that God chose not to destroy Ninevah.... but as Paul says, who are we to question him?
And just to reiterate what Romans 9 is talking about...its talking about how God cast fleshly Israel off! Who are we to question him?
4. You misunderstand. Not every sinful action by God's people is orchestrated by God. His chosen will mostly have a choice to do good or evil when tested. If obedient, they will be blessed. If disobedient, will suffer punishment. But my point is there are times where God may, for His own sovereign reasons, also suspend His people's free will:
Isa 63:17 O LORD, why have You made us stray from Your ways, And hardened our heart from Your fear? Return for Your servants' sake, The tribes of Your inheritance.
what did God himself tell Isreal?
Deut 30: 15*
“See, I do put before you today life and good, and death and bad. 16*[If you will listen to the commandments of Jehovah your God,] which I am commanding you today...17*“But if your heart turns away and you do not listen, and you are actually seduced and bow down to other gods and serve them, 18*I do tell YOU today that YOU will positively perish. ... I have put life and death before you, the blessing and the malediction; and you must choose life in order that you may keep alive, you and your offspring,
Jehovah wants us to 'choose' life. But if our hearts turn away and we 'do not listen' then we will suffer the consequences.
Now think about this idea you are presenting, that it is God who decides if we will listen or not... why would he tell us to listen and choose life he it is him who decides if we listen or not?
In this instance, God
made His people stray from His ways and
hardened their hearts. These two verbs are in the Hiphil stem which implies a causative effect from the subject (Jehovah). In other words, Jehovah--not the people--is the cause of the hardening and straying! I suspect He did so in order to later exhibit His compassion and mercy and perhaps to instill in them the lesson of absence (of God's presence) makes the heart grow fonder. In contrast, He caused unbelieving Pharaoh's defiance for the purpose of showing His power and wrath to His people and the world. This is consistent with Rom 9:22-23:
Rom 9:22-23 In the same way, even though God has the right to show His anger and His power, He is very patient with those on whom His anger falls, who are destined for destruction. 23 He does this to make the riches of His glory shine even brighter on those to whom He shows mercy, who were prepared in advance for glory.
sorry, but this idea is not consistent with Romans.
Romans is about God rejecting fleshly Israel and grafting in a new nation, the gentiles, onto faithful spiritual jews.
I'll just finish with Nehemiah
16*“And they themselves, even our forefathers, acted presumptuously and proceeded to harden their neck, and they did not listen to your commandments. 17*So they refused to listen, ... and you did not leave them. 18*Yes, when they had made for themselves a molten statue of a calf and began to say, ‘This is your God who led you up out of Egypt,’...21*And for forty years you provided them with food in the wilderness. They lacked nothing. ...
26*“However, they became disobedient and rebelled against you and kept casting your law behind their back, and your own prophets they killed, who bore witness against them to bring them back to you; and they went on committing acts of great disrespect. 27*For this you gave them into the hand of their adversaries, who kept causing them distress; but in the time of their distress they would cry out to you, and you yourself would hear from the very heavens; and in accord with your abundant mercy you would give them saviors who would save them out of the hand of their adversaries.