We have a difference of opinion, Evangelicalhumanists. I feel in behavior we are hardly any different from an ape or a chimp, or even an orangutan. That we can do somethings in a way better than them does not mean much. We cannot swing through trees. Langur, chimp, ape, human, Slender Loris, we are all mammals, and primates of various shapes, all originating from the same stock, that is why different names. Some 6,400 species of mammals evolving over 300 million years.
Evangelicalhumanist, I follow Advaita Hinduism (non-duality), that is why I do not differentiate between people or species. For me it is one single entity, Brahman, which constitutes all things in the universe, right from a grain of sand to humans.
Tribalism is a fundamental human trait – forming groups and getting comfort and pride from familiar fellowship, defending the group against rival groups, etc., are among the true “universals” of human nature. And that contributes hugely to human culture.
Interestingly, once formed, group boundaries are malleable, and we all belong to many groups at the same time, so our loyalties are sometimes split. Members of our various groups consist of allies, recruits, converts, honorary inductees, even traitors from rival groups who have “crossed over.” Identity and some degree of entitlement are given each member of a group, but also, any prestige and wealth a member has may lend identity and power to other members of the group.
Modern groups are psychologically equivalent to the tribes of ancient history and prehistory, and the instinct that leads us to group thus is the biological product of group selection.
People must have a tribe, while other large primates have much less or no such need. Sheep like the safety of belonging to a flock, but safety is all it is – being alone makes a sheep extremely anxious. Moose don’t like the company of other moose, unless it’s late September or October breeding season. Our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, live in groups of maybe a couple of dozen, but it is a single tribe, without any tendencies to form in multiple groupings for various purposes.
But the social world of humans is not a single tribe, but an array of interconnecting tribes, often very hard to map out. We like the company of like-minded friends and yearn to be among the best – an army regiment, or maybe an elite college; the executive committee of a company, a religious sect, a fraternity, garden club, book club – any collectivity that can be compared with other competing groups of the same category.
I don’t know what it’s like where you live when World Cup Football is happening, but in my multicultural city of Toronto, the support for one’s “team” is astonishing. So many cars sporting national flags, or club banners, so many ritual cheers, hailing the superiority of “our team.” Even the games the play are like warrior clashes on ritualized battlefields. Good grief, I’ve even watched the young Lamas in Tibet or northern India cheering on their team.
Not to mention that the Lamas in Tibet or northern India are part of their own elite “tribe,” just as are the Carmelite nuns in one of Canada’s many convents.
Social psychologists have conducted many experiments that show how quickly and decisively people divide into groups, then discriminate in favour of the one to which they belong. Even if the groups were 100% arbitrary in nature, once you belong, you discriminate in favour of your group and against competing groups.
In its power and universality, this tendency to from groups and then favour in-group members has the earmarks of instinct. It is an example of “prepared learning;” the inborn propensity to learn something swiftly and decisively. Thus, the propensity is very probably inherited, and if so, can be reasonably supposed to have arisen through evolution by natural selection. Other examples of such prepared learning among humans include language, incest avoidance and the acquisition of phobias.
If groupist behaviour is truly an instinct expressed by inherited prepared learning, we should expect to find signs of it even in very young children – and exactly this phenomenon has been discovered by cognitive psychologists.
On the downside, this instinct towards forming and enjoying in-group memberships easily translates at a higher level into tribalism. People are prone to ethnocentrism, and don’t kid yourself, even though it is uncomfortable, humans given a guilt-free choice prefer the company of others of the same race, nation, clan, and religion. Even the accents of non-native speakers can lead to considering them outsiders, as we well know. And you can even see that in the Bible, in Judges 12:5-6:
The Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan leading to Ephraim, and whenever a survivor of Ephraim said, "Let me cross over," the men of Gilead asked him, "Are you an Ephraimite?" If he replied, "No," they said, "All right, say `Shibboleth.'" If he said, "Sibboleth," because he could not pronounce the word correctly, they seized him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan. Forty-two thousand Ephraimites were killed at that time.
Experiments have been done that show black and white Americans being flashed pictures of the other race, and their amygdalas, the brain’s center of fear and anger, were activated so quickly and subtly that the conscious centers of the brain were unaware of the response. When, on the other hand, appropriate contexts were added—say the approaching black was a doctor and the white his patient—two other sides of the brain integrated with the higher learning centers, the cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral preferential cortex, lit up, silencing input through the amygdala.
So,
@Aupmanyav, I contend that even following your path, you incorrectly downplay the fact that there is truly something that can be called human nature, and this instinct towards tribalism is only a single example.
Note: the forgoing was paraphrased with some heavy copying from Edward O. Wilson, from his book
The Social Conquest of the Earth.