In his book, The Triple Helix, Professor Richard Lewontin explains that Darwinism is false since there is no such thing as an environment until there is an organism, and that the organism determines what elements of the external world will exist as its "environment" by choices made according to its genes:
These are simple and obvious examples of the generality that it is the biology, indeed the genes, of an organism that determines its effective environment, by establishing the way in which external physical signals become incorporated into its reactions. The common external phenomena of the physical and biotic world pass through a transforming filter created by the peculiar biology of each species, and it is the output of this transformation that reaches the organism and is relevant to it. Plato's metaphor of the cave is appropriate here. Whatever the autonomous processes of the outer world may be, they cannot be perceived by the organism. Its life is determined by the shadows on the wall, passed through a transforming medium of its own creation' (p. 64).
Lewontin further states:
Whether or not gravitation is an effective factor in the environment of an organism depends upon the organism's size . . .bacteria living in a liquid medium are not effectively subject to gravity, which is a negligible force for objects of such small size floating in a liquid medium. But the difference in size between elephants and bacteria is coded in their genes, so, in this sense, the organisms' genes have determined whether gravitation is or is not relevant to them' (p. 65).
Professor Lewontin goes on to say that the science that implies environments exist apart from organisms, and, or, that organisms are selected by the environment, misses what is most obvious about the interdependence and symbiotic relationship between an organism and its environment.
John