The Nazis distinguished between extermination and concentration camps, although the terms
extermination camp (
Vernichtungslager) and
death camp (
Todeslager) were interchangeable, each referring to camps whose primary function was
genocide.
Todeslagers were designed specifically for the systematic killing of people delivered en masse by the
Holocaust trains. The executioners did not expect the prisoners to survive more than a few hours beyond arrival at
Belzec,
Sobibór, and
Treblinka.
[25] The Reinhard extermination camps were under Globocnik's direct command; each of them was run by 20 to 35 men from the
SS-Totenkopfverbände branch of the
Schutzstaffel, augmented by about one hundred
Trawnikis –
auxiliaries mostly from Soviet Ukraine, and up to one thousand
Sonderkommando slave labourers each.
[26] The Jewish men, women and children were delivered from
the ghettos for "special treatment" in an atmosphere of terror by
uniformed police battalions from both, Orpo and
Schupo.
[27]
Death camps differed from concentration camps located in Germany proper, such as
Bergen-Belsen,
Oranienburg,
Ravensbrück, and
Sachsenhausen, which were prison camps set up prior to World War II for people defined as 'undesirable'. From March 1936, all
Nazi concentration camps were managed by the
SS-Totenkopfverbände (the Skull Units, SS-TV), who operated extermination camps from 1941 as well.
[28] An
SS anatomist, Dr.
Johann Kremer, after witnessing the gassing of victims at
Birkenau, wrote in his diary on 2 September 1942: "
Dante's Inferno seems to me almost a comedy compared to this. They don't call Auschwitz the camp of annihilation for nothing!"
[29] The distinction was evident during the
Nuremberg trials, when
Dieter Wisliceny (a deputy to
Adolf Eichmann) was asked to name the
extermination camps, and he identified
Auschwitz and
Majdanek as such. Then, when asked, "How do you classify the camps
Mauthausen,
Dachau, and
Buchenwald?", he replied, "They were normal concentration camps, from the point of view of the department of Eichmann."
[30]
Irrespective of round-ups for extermination camps, the Nazis abducted millions of foreigners
for slave labour in
other types of camps,
[31] which provided perfect cover for the extermination programme.
[32] Prisoners represented about a quarter of the total workforce of the Reich, with mortality rates exceeding 75 percent due to starvation, disease, exhaustion, executions, and physical brutality.
[31]