Yes and no. Allow me to elaborate...
There are definitely certain core doctrines concerning the nature of God, the relationship between the members of the Godhead and God's Plan of Salvation for His children that are essentially understood the same way by practicing Mormons today. We believe that these doctrines are, by nature, eternal and unchanging, and were taught by Jesus Christ and His Apostles as they are taught today by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is our belief that Jesus Christ did, in fact, establish His Church during His mortal lifetime, and that He ordained twelve men to whom He gave authority to guide and direct that Church in His absence. We contend that within a relatively short period of time after His death and the deaths of His Apostles, the purity and clarity of the doctrines He'd taught came to be lost. Each congregation essentially operated autonomously and, without apostolic leadership, Christ's followers began to be "tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine," just as Paul had prophesied would happen were the original organization of the Church to cease to exist.
We believe that these events took the Church into a period of Apostasy which lasted roughly 1700 years. This is not to say that there was no Christian Church on earth during those years and that there were no Christians. It is simply our belief that, due to lack of authority, scripture began to be tainted with the philosophies of men.
We believe that there exists in heirarchy in the institutional Church today, which existed in Christ's original Church. It exists today for the same reason it existed anciently -- to keep Christ's followers from being "tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine." If you were to go to an LDS worship service in Chili today and were to stay for the entire three hours
, you could later that day have an online discussion with someone who had also attended an LDS worship service in Moscow and you would have been taught exactly the same lesson material during two of the three hours.
On the other hand, our leaders have consistently reminded the members of the Church that we are absolutely to think for ourselves and not blindly follow everything ever said by our leaders. In our 2008 General Conference, one LDS Apostle put it this way...
Members who have a testimony and who act upon it under the direction of their Church leaders are sometimes accused of blind obedience.
Of course, we have leaders, and of course, we are subject to their decisions and directions in the operation of the Church and in the performance of needed priesthood ordinances. But when it comes to learning and knowing the truth of the gospelour personal testimonieswe each have a direct relationship with God, our Eternal Father, and His Son, Jesus Christ, through the powerful witness of the Holy Ghost. This is what our critics fail to understand. It puzzles them that we can be united in following our leaders and yet independent in knowing for ourselves.
Perhaps the puzzle some feel can be explained by the reality that each of us has two different channels to God. We have a channel of governance through our prophet and other leaders. This channel, which has to do with doctrine, ordinances, and commandments, results in obedience. We also have a channel of personal testimony, which is direct to God. This has to do with His existence, our relationship to Him, and the truth of His restored gospel. This channel results in knowledge. These two channels are mutually reinforcing: knowledge encourages obedience (see Deuteronomy 5:27; Moses 5:11), and obedience enhances knowledge (see John 7:17; D&C 93:1).
My personal experience was that from my earliest youth, I was encouraged by my parents to question. I was never, ever made to feel guilty for wondering if something or other was true. I learned from my parents not to be afraid of the hard questions, but to dig deep and find the answers.
I hope this answers your question. If it doesn't please feel free to ask me to try again.