Salam
The Quran tackles polytheism by the following ways:
If Absolute being
If there is an absolute being, there is nothing compared to him, hence the highest word of honor should be for him, and hence only God (semantic issue of not equating with God in worship).
If there would be any gods with the absolute being, it would be his chosen servants he has chosen, but he's far exalted above being compared with anyone.
If those who they worshiped from Jinn were exalted they would be angels
If those they worshipped from Jinn were real and truly exalted as they say, they would be Angels, servants like ourselves, but not gods.
They would not control intercession for us, but intercession would occur by God's permission, command and God being the true intercessor and decider in all that.
All help spiritually and sustenance from unseen would not come from them directly by them deciding but per God's command and will and permission.
Many Angels intercede but can't avail those on earth except by God permisions
If there were gods (more then one)
There would be no absolute being guiding them and being the source of their truth, sustenance, and power so they divided beings of different ranks, some over others, and disagreement between them would surely take place because there is no truth.
The judgment would not have absolute reality, and all paths would not have a direction, and so things would be in a state of corruption rather then God's sustenance truth way as it is now
The powers would not be from absolute source and things would be in disarray and the heaven and earth would be in a state of corruption as a result
The Titles and names given by them don't have reality
They can't title and tell the roles of their gods and don't know the subtle of unseen, and so it's conjecture about unseen world and order
Don't have proof for their authority and chosen status
Take away all the impossibility arguments, they would require proof of their chosen status and being chosen by God, but they have none. There exists no clear proof of them being gods and proof is required for truthful truth seekers.
It's upon God to choose not humans
Along with that, is the argument, spirituality and unseen path is sacred, and authorities whether a person saying they represent the gods or unseen entities claiming to represent the truth, they must be chosen from God and not from people choosing who to trust without proof. This is similar to the above point, except with emphasis, that they would be chosen by God if there would be gods or those who channel their will.
It's Jinn not Angels
Then comes the notion they are not Angels, but Jinn who are misguided from the path that most are worshipers and believers of.
It's Devils lead by Iblis
The Arabs were worshiping Iblis and satanic forces from Jinn in reality, and so they aren't Angels, and not even enlightened jinn, but rebellious forces against God.
Divination
An act of Satan to be avoided.
Plans of Shayateen and the plan of their Awliya
They will plan a plan but God's plan will take that account, and there is different end results, but in no way will he give them a way and power over believers and at the time of peril will come to their aid.
Devils from Jinn have friends from humans and always opposing Prophets
The killer of Yahya, the king that killed him, gave Yahya head to a prostitute while the skies cried blood!
Magic is a trial
Can be used from good if we believe in the chosen kings having power from God such as Harut and Marut (peace be upon these two kings) and use our power through God's sustenance and power through his channeling light and power, for good.
Or we can learn skills and use it for bad, in this case, our powers will stem from the cursed tree of Devils.
Magic is an intense trial, if one wants to annul the poisons out there, and cure them, and unknot the locks and knots, and untie what is tied, best to be learned under a guide and king appointed by God, not go to every person claiming to be able to teach us the unseen arts.
Shayateen teach magic, but at a cost for the soul.
Benefits of Jinn and humans from one another
Lastly Quran does not deny there are benefits and pleasures that come about from this but the benefits are not spiritually "good", but rather for pleasure, influence, and powers that are used for Dunya as oppose to getting closer to God.
If these were truly gods, they should be able to take away power from the owner of the throne
Mohammad (s) miracles showed overwhelming unmatched power, and none of the gods of Arabs were able to match his miracles, and he brought an example, when the human is about to die, and it dies, let them bring it back if they are truthful, but they can't even do that, let alone the miracle Mohammad (s) pulled in that respect and more. They had no authority but God has it, and permitted Mohammad (s) to perform the miracle and taunted the opposition to do similar if they were truthful about Mohammad (s) being a sorcerer.
Woof that was long, there is more to be said and Quran elaborates more, and has more arguments, but this is what I remember on top of my head.
The Quran tackles polytheism by the following ways:
If Absolute being
If there is an absolute being, there is nothing compared to him, hence the highest word of honor should be for him, and hence only God (semantic issue of not equating with God in worship).
If there would be any gods with the absolute being, it would be his chosen servants he has chosen, but he's far exalted above being compared with anyone.
If those who they worshiped from Jinn were exalted they would be angels
If those they worshipped from Jinn were real and truly exalted as they say, they would be Angels, servants like ourselves, but not gods.
They would not control intercession for us, but intercession would occur by God's permission, command and God being the true intercessor and decider in all that.
All help spiritually and sustenance from unseen would not come from them directly by them deciding but per God's command and will and permission.
Many Angels intercede but can't avail those on earth except by God permisions
If there were gods (more then one)
There would be no absolute being guiding them and being the source of their truth, sustenance, and power so they divided beings of different ranks, some over others, and disagreement between them would surely take place because there is no truth.
The judgment would not have absolute reality, and all paths would not have a direction, and so things would be in a state of corruption rather then God's sustenance truth way as it is now
The powers would not be from absolute source and things would be in disarray and the heaven and earth would be in a state of corruption as a result
The Titles and names given by them don't have reality
They can't title and tell the roles of their gods and don't know the subtle of unseen, and so it's conjecture about unseen world and order
Don't have proof for their authority and chosen status
Take away all the impossibility arguments, they would require proof of their chosen status and being chosen by God, but they have none. There exists no clear proof of them being gods and proof is required for truthful truth seekers.
It's upon God to choose not humans
Along with that, is the argument, spirituality and unseen path is sacred, and authorities whether a person saying they represent the gods or unseen entities claiming to represent the truth, they must be chosen from God and not from people choosing who to trust without proof. This is similar to the above point, except with emphasis, that they would be chosen by God if there would be gods or those who channel their will.
It's Jinn not Angels
Then comes the notion they are not Angels, but Jinn who are misguided from the path that most are worshipers and believers of.
It's Devils lead by Iblis
The Arabs were worshiping Iblis and satanic forces from Jinn in reality, and so they aren't Angels, and not even enlightened jinn, but rebellious forces against God.
Divination
An act of Satan to be avoided.
Plans of Shayateen and the plan of their Awliya
They will plan a plan but God's plan will take that account, and there is different end results, but in no way will he give them a way and power over believers and at the time of peril will come to their aid.
Devils from Jinn have friends from humans and always opposing Prophets
The killer of Yahya, the king that killed him, gave Yahya head to a prostitute while the skies cried blood!
Magic is a trial
Can be used from good if we believe in the chosen kings having power from God such as Harut and Marut (peace be upon these two kings) and use our power through God's sustenance and power through his channeling light and power, for good.
Or we can learn skills and use it for bad, in this case, our powers will stem from the cursed tree of Devils.
Magic is an intense trial, if one wants to annul the poisons out there, and cure them, and unknot the locks and knots, and untie what is tied, best to be learned under a guide and king appointed by God, not go to every person claiming to be able to teach us the unseen arts.
Shayateen teach magic, but at a cost for the soul.
Benefits of Jinn and humans from one another
Lastly Quran does not deny there are benefits and pleasures that come about from this but the benefits are not spiritually "good", but rather for pleasure, influence, and powers that are used for Dunya as oppose to getting closer to God.
If these were truly gods, they should be able to take away power from the owner of the throne
Mohammad (s) miracles showed overwhelming unmatched power, and none of the gods of Arabs were able to match his miracles, and he brought an example, when the human is about to die, and it dies, let them bring it back if they are truthful, but they can't even do that, let alone the miracle Mohammad (s) pulled in that respect and more. They had no authority but God has it, and permitted Mohammad (s) to perform the miracle and taunted the opposition to do similar if they were truthful about Mohammad (s) being a sorcerer.
Woof that was long, there is more to be said and Quran elaborates more, and has more arguments, but this is what I remember on top of my head.
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