Alls you gotta do is google it man.
Or not and just enjoy the day.
Are you in the UK?
I'm also a UVb guy, so I like Vitamine D.
I always think of the UK and Russia as cloudy and overcast with reduced natural sunlight.
That's another reason why I keep my eye on them.
Russia is moving on up the case number today, 14,723.
This map shows how much higher up the UK is from me across the pond:
London is like the equivalent to Hudson Bay.
And you can try this link:
Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies
Abstract
Antibody-based drugs and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are being expedited through preclinical and clinical development. Data from the study of SARS-CoV and other respiratory viruses suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could exacerbate COVID-19 through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Previous respiratory syncytial virus
and dengue virus vaccine studies revealed human clinical safety risks related to ADE, resulting in failed vaccine trials. Here, we describe key ADE mechanisms and discuss mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies in development. We also outline recently published data to evaluate the risks and opportunities for antibody-based protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Conclusion
ADE has been observed in SARS, MERS and other human respiratory virus infections including RSV and measles, which suggests a real risk of ADE for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and antibody-based interventions. However, clinical data has not yet fully established a role for ADE in human COVID-19 pathology. Steps to reduce the risks of ADE from immunotherapies include the induction or delivery of high doses of potent neutralizing antibodies, rather than lower concentrations of non-neutralizing antibodies that would be more likely to cause ADE.
Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies | Nature Microbiology
This one scroll down for:
Discussion
Our knowledge of B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination remains incomplete. We urgently need information about the nature of polyclonal vaccine-induced responses as well as unbiased, in depth analyses of plasmablast responses. Our data provide important new insights into these responses in comparison with immune responses to natural infection. Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a very heterogeneous antibody response to the spike protein in terms of antibody quantity. In contrast, mRNA vaccination appears to induce a high antibody response of relatively homogenous titers.
However, we also found that vaccinees generate more non-neutralizing antibodies than COVID-19 survivors resulting in a lower ratio of neutralizing to binding antibodies. These data were already apparent in the early phase clinical trials but remained unrecognized at the time (
Walsh et al., 2020). Interestingly, low titer convalescent serum had the highest relative amount of neutralizing antibodies, whereas the proportion of binding antibodies was increased in sera with higher measured antibody titers. The majority of plasmablasts sampled after vaccination do, in fact, produce non-neutralizing antibodies. Two recent studies have performed a similarly unbiased plasmablast analysis for individuals naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 (
Cho et al., 2021;
Huang et al., 2021). Of course, the antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection is not only targeting the spike protein but several other proteins expressed by the virus. When accounting for spike binding only, these studies report proportions of 44% and 25% neutralizing antibodies (
Cho et al., 2021;
Huang et al., 2021). While plasmablast analysis is in general not quantitative (e.g. one clone per clonotype is selected etc.) our analysis of post-vaccination plasmablasts found a lower number of neutralizing antibodies (17%).
Future studies are needed to reveal the role of non-neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 immune protection. Indeed, antibody functions other than neutralization have been shown to correlate with protection (
Bartsch et al., 2021;
Gorman et al., 2021;
Schäfer et al., 2021). The importance of absolute antibody titers and not ratios is underscored by the fact that post-vaccination neutralization titers were equal to or exceeded the titers found in the high responder convalescent group.
The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination is dominated by non-neutralizing antibodies and targets both the NTD and the RBD
The articles claim a real risk of ADE for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and antibody-based interventions, but that the clinical data has not yet fully established.
We watch it unfold in real time.
That's why I'm looking at charts from the UK.
I can tell you guys something that you may not know, smarter eyebrows than mine have been raised over that chart this weekend.
It's like, Uh OH Spaghettio