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KBC--
I have a question for you. So far your arguments have mainly been against the very beginning of evolution...that is, matter turning into self-replicating molecules, which then turned into DNA, and then cells. Based on what you have been saying, it sounds like you think a supernatural event is the only way matter could have formed the proteins needed to form DNA.
So do you think God caused matter to form into DNA and then cells, which started the evolutionary process?
Also, I would like to hear your response to my last post....explain to me how the plant O. gigas is not its own species but a subspecies of O. lamarckiana. Otherwise, you must admit that natural speciation occurs.
Boxhorn himself discusses the question of the definition of 'species' at some considerable length -- some 14 pages of single spaced text, or more than 3,000 words. He starts by agreeing that 'A discussion of speciation requires a discussion of what constitutes a species.' But when it comes time to pick a definition, Boxhorn takes the easy way out.
First, he complains that it is unreasonable and impracticable to expect scientists to have to go to all the trouble and expense of determining experimentally whether breeding is physiologically possible.
'The fact of the matter is that the time, effort and money needed to delimit species using the Biological Species Concept is, to say the least, prohibitive.'
He then complains that such experiments don't always work as intended.
'Another reason why using the BSC to delimit species is impractical is that breeding experiments can often be inconclusive. Interbreeding in nature can be heavily influenced by variable and unstable environmental factors. . . . . If we can't duplicate natural conditions of breeding, a failure to breed doesn't mean that the critters can't (or don't) interbreed in the wild.'
Finally, he emphasises that experimenting to determine species has limits.
'A final problem with the BSC is that groups that do not occur together in time cannot be evaluated. We simply cannot know whether two such groups would interbreed freely if they came together under natural conditions. This makes it impossible to delimit the boundaries of extinct groups using the BSC.'
This discussion of difficulties in using the Biological Species Concept is designed to make it look like the tough option and that he is adopting the heroic course in taking it. In reality, Boxhorn's version of the BSC is Mayr's weak definition, not Dobzhansky's strong definition, as quickly becomes clear from his subsequent descriptiption.
Under the promising heading 'Telling whether a speciation event has occurred', he says that 'One advantage of the Biological Species Concept is that it provides a reasonably unambiguous test that can be applied to possible speciation events. Recall that under [this definition] species are defined as being reproductively isolated from other species. Demonstrating that a population is reproductively isolated (in a nontrvial way) from populations that it was formerly able to interbreed with shows that speciation has occurred.'
This only leaves one question: what exactly does Boxhorn mean by 'reproductively isolated'? A little later he tells us. 'Behavioral isolating mechanisms,' he says, 'rely on organisms making a choice of whether to mate and a choice of who to mate with.'
So there you have it. If two individuals choose not to mate then, according to Boxhorn's definition, they are 'reproductively isolated.' And if they are reproductively isolated then -- voila! They are now no longer the same species. A 'speciation event' has occurred.
Now, I dont know whether Boxhorn has ever walked through his local public park and noticed people walking their dogs. If he has, he may also have noticed that some people own Chiuahuas as pets and some people own Great Danes. These dogs are certainly 'reproductively isolated' and they certainly do not 'choose' to mate with each other.
But if Boxhorn imagines that this makes them different species, then he is mistaken because they are merely varieties of the same species, Canis familiaris. Nor is it scientifically difficult to prove this. All that is needed is to artificially inseminate (say) a Great Dane female with sperm from the Chihuahua and nature does the rest.
do you think God caused matter to form into DNA and then cells, which started the evolutionary process?
kbc_1963 said:Possibility that life could have been created by intelligent design (GOD - who has always existed) = 100%
[It is always 100% possible that what can be created by chance can be done by design]
Dolly your avoidance of the figuring of possibilities only reinforces the truth of my posts.
for science to admit it isnt possible for life
It is difficult to believe that all of the things that have occured to allow life to exist are a series of fortunate coincidences.
Our earth has been made in such a way that it is suitable for life to exist, and you believe all of this perfect order came out of random chance?
(Job 12:7-10)
(Psalm 19:1-4; cf. Psalm 97:6)
(Romans 1:18-21).
Mr_Spinkles said:dolly-- I could be wrong, but I thought that scientists today generally favor the open universe theory in which the Big Bang occurs and the universe will never collapse in on itself again to form another Big Bang.
The small probability doesn't matter in evolution. Why? Because we just happened to be the lucky planet. However improbable it is, with all the planets in different solar systems, in different galaxies, during all of time, life had to evolve in at least one (because it is possible, though unlikely). We happened to be lucky. Probability doesn't disprove evolution. Even then, I have yet to see an accurate probability percentage.
Your post doesn't answer my question at all-- O. gigas cannot physically breed with O. lamarckiana. Please explain how they could possibly be considered the same species.
It's only 100% if you can prove that God exists. If God does not exist, then the probability that life could have been created by intelligent design is 0% (unless you want to suggest that aliens did it... but then you still have to determine how THEY came to be).
Ceridwen018 said:Why wouldn't god have just created it in an orderly fashion in the first place? His way of doing things seems a little roundabout to me...
They have tried to get the two plants to mate, and were unable. O. gigas and O. lamarckiana simply will not breed together. They are seperate species, kbc--admit it!kbc_1963 said:I thought it was apparent that the statement posted says they havent try all the possibilities of mating the 2 because they thought it was too costly. so conclusive proof that they can't breed has not been ruled out.
In that case, will you concede that plants can evolve into new species of plant?I will however add that the plants in question have not changed from their species according to the bibles definition, it is still a plant right? so it would not be conclusive proof of evolution even if it was a new breed of plant.
Before I provide you with this evidence, I have a quick question: Could the fossils show a transition from fish to amphibian, then to reptiles, then to mammals? Also, what would you expect a transitional fossil from fish to amphibian to look like? Ok, now you can look:There are a multitude of things that could prove me wrong and science right,
here are a few:
1) a fossil showing a transition from fish to mammal or any of those missing links that would show a true transition from one phyla to another.
Don't even dare go to this website, though. It has lots of that evidence which you like to pretend doesn't exist: http://talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional/part1a.html#amph1Labyrinthodonts (eg Pholidogaster, Pteroplax) (late Dev./early Miss.) -- These larger amphibians still have some icthyostegid fish features, such as skull bone patterns, labyrinthine tooth dentine, presence & pattern of large palatal tusks, the fish skull hinge, pieces of gill structure between cheek & shoulder, and the vertebral structure. But they have lost several other fish features: the fin rays in the tail are gone, the vertebrae are stronger and interlocking, the nasal passage for air intake is well defined, etc.
What if scientists manipulated the DNA of something to produce something common to another order? Scientists have done this--they manipulated the DNA of mice, and they grew human ears.2) scientist manipulation of the dna of anything to produce anything that could be considered common to another phyla
First of all, we already know of chemicals that reproduce...they're called viruses. Secondly, some scientists at MIT have created self replicating molecules that reproduce.3) science being able to create life that reproduces, from chemicals alone
Well, if you can't even admit that O. gigas is a seperate species from O. lamarckiana, the odds of you accepting any theory other than that women were created from one of Adam's ribs is very unrealistic....4) a theory that can provide realistic odds of it possibly working (hehehe)
The next time you cut and paste something from http://www.arn.org/docs/behe/mb_mm92496.htm , please do not alter the first sentence from "Let us return to the question" to "Let us consider the question". People might not realize that you copied and pasted the entire thing from a website if you do that. I'll respond to this later.The Eye
In general, biological processes on the molecular level are performed by networks of proteins, each member of which carries out a particular task in a chain.
Let us consider the question, how do we see? through the efforts of many biochemists an answer to the question of sight is at hand. When light strikes the retina a photon is absorbed by an organic molecule called 11-cis-retinal, causing it to rearrange within picoseconds to trans-retinal. The change in shape of retinal forces a corresponding change in shape of the protein, rhodopsin, to which it is tightly bound. As a consequence of the protein's metamorphosis, the behavior of the protein changes in a very specific way. The altered protein can now interact with another protein called transducin. Before associating with rhodopsin, transducin is tightly bound to a small organic molecule called GDP, but when it binds to rhodopsin the GDP dissociates itself from transducin and a molecule called GTP, which is closely related to, but critically different from, GDP, binds to transducin.
The exchange of GTP for GDP in the transducinrhodopsin complex alters its behavior. GTP-transducinrhodopsin binds to a protein called phosphodiesterase, located in the inner membrane of the cell. When bound by rhodopsin and its entourage, the phosphodiesterase acquires the ability to chemically cleave a molecule called cGMP. Initially there are a lot of cGMP molecules in the cell, but the action of the phosphodiesterase lowers the concentration of cGMP. Activating the phosphodiesterase can be likened to pulling the plug in a bathtub, lowering the level of water.
A second membrane protein which binds cGMP, called an ion channel, can be thought of as a special gateway regulating the number of sodium ions in the cell. The ion channel normally allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, while a separate protein actively pumps them out again. The dual action of the ion channel and pump proteins keeps the level of sodium ions in the cell within a narrow range. When the concentration of cGMP is reduced from its normal value through cleavage by the phosphodiesterase, many channels close, resulting in a reduced cellular concentration of positively charged sodium ions. This causes an imbalance of charges across the cell membrane which, finally, causes a current to be transmitted down the optic nerve to the brain: the result, when interpreted by the brain, is vision.
If the biochemistry of vision were limited to the reactions listed above, the cell would quickly deplete its supply of 11-cis-retinal and cGMP while also becoming depleted of sodium ions. Thus a system is required to limit the signal that is generated and restore the cell to its original state; there are several mechanisms which do this. Normally, in the dark, the ion channel, in addition to sodium ions, also allows calcium ions to enter the cell; calcium is pumped back out by a different protein in order to maintain a constant intracellular calcium concentration. However, when cGMP levels fall, shutting down the ion channel and decreasing the sodium ion concentration, calcium ion concentration is also decreased. The phosphodiesterase enzyme, which destroys cGMP, is greatly slowed down at lower calcium concentration. Additionally, a protein called guanylate cyclase begins to resynthesize cGMP when calcium levels start to fall. Meanwhile, while all of this is going on, metarhodopsin II is chemically modified by an enzyme called rhodopsin kinase, which places a phosphate group on its substrate. The modified rhodopsin is then bound by a protein dubbed arrestin, which prevents the rhodopsin from further activating transducin. Thus the cell contains mechanisms to limit the amplified signal started by a single photon.
Trans-retinal eventually falls off of the rhodopsin molecule and must be reconverted to 11-cis-retinal and again bound by opsin to regenerate rhodopsin for another visual cycle. To accomplish this trans-retinal is first chemically modified by an enzyme to transretinol, a form containing two more hydrogen atoms. A second enzyme then isomerizes the molecule to 11-cis-retinol. Finally, a third enzyme removes the previously added hydrogen atoms to form 11-cis-retinal, and the cycle is complete.
Although many details of the biochemistry of vision have not been cited here, the overview just seen is meant to demonstrate that, ultimately, this is what it means to 'explain' vision. This is the level of explanation that Biological science eventually must aim for. In order to say that some function is understood, every relevant step in the process must be elucidated. The relevant steps in biological processes occur ultimately at the molecular level, so a satisfactory explanation of a biological phenomenon such as sight, or digestion, or immunity, must include a molecular explanation. It is no longer sufficient, now that the black box of vision has been opened, for an "evolutionary explanation" of that power to invoke only the anatomical structures of whole eyes, as Darwin did in the 19th century and as most popularizers of evolution continue to do today.
It must also be pointed out that the eye as shown in the fossil record came into existence with the same level of design we see nowshortly after the cambrian explosion so it didn't have millions and billions of years to perfect itself to the level we see now.
The purpose of these examples is also to show that the same problems which beset origin-of-life research also bedevil efforts to show how virtually any complex biochemical system came about. Biochemistry has revealed a molecular world which resists all current explanations. Neither of Darwin's black boxes "the origin of life" or "the origin of vision or other complex biochemical systems" has been accounted for by his theory or any other theory since that time.
KBC, reread my post. The probability of this happening on one planet is unlikely (though again, none of the percentages you give I particlarly trust). However this is nulified when you consider how many different time abiogenesis would have accorded. Scientists consider probabilty, but because of time/the number of planets/etc the probability that creationists use to "disprove" evolution doesn't in fact disprove evolution. Therefore, it isn't important at all.kbc_1963 said:As I have pointed out before Dolly you and science both prefer not to consider probabilities in all your theorems and this is a scientific error or blinder that allows for the belief in just about any theory anyone can concieve
Well, no BUMBLEBEE. But that's part of the probability isn't it.and the biggest thing you havent taken into account in that our earth is unique among all the planets
Because we can see every single planet in every single galaxy, right?we have never found any that have all that we have here
Did I say this? No. Reread my post. I did not say that the circumstances of earth happened everywhere, I said that if it could happen, and time is infinite, and there are infinite (because of time) places in the universe for this to happen, then eventually it will. And it did. Here. On Earth. To me, this is more likely than some sky man making a human out of dirt.you believe that because the situation exists here then it must be everywhere so you build your theory that since the situation exists here then I can count on it existing in untold billions of other places in the universe.
Where did you get this? I never once said this, or insinuated this. Everywhere? Obviously not. Other ones? Yes. Why? Because it is ridiculously unlikely that there isn't even one that has the correct environment for abiogenesis in the entire universe. And don't forget, like can exist in an environment that isn't exactly, or even remotely, like ours.1) belief in earths everywhere---- evidence of even one zero
No, because #1 was a twist of words.2) belief that probable odds don't count based on belief in #1
Yes, because I don't believe in your deity - or any deity like that.3) belief that theory alone without a continuous chain of evidence to support it counts as better evidence than me saying it was done by intelligence.
Well, yes Earth is unique. Why? Because Earth's current environment is partially shaped by the types of species which live here. This is also irrelevant, because abiogenesis couldn't happen in this version of earth. Life could happen/exist in environments complely different than modern Earth depending on which chemical reactions it needs to live.I say that earths situation is unique and there is no evidence to prove otherwise
Exactly how many biology classes have you taken? If all these attempts have failed so completely, then haven't you creationists had time to prove that (especially since it's so obvious)? Even if the scientific community wanted people to believe it, it wouldn't be overly hard for creationists to show that it was wrong?I say that science has had tons of time to prove life could have started any other way besides intelligent beginings and all attempts at making a proveable chain of events have failed
Incoherent would fit it better I think.The huge probability that GOD doesn't exist doesn't matter . Why? Because we just happened to be the lucky people. However improbable it is, with all the things we still don't know, and all the unproveable things we have tryed (because it is possible, though unlikely). We happened to be lucky. science doesn't disprove GOD. Even then, I have yet to see a proveable scientific theory for anything else.
Cute huh?
What if scientists manipulated the DNA of something to produce something common to another order? Scientists have done this--they manipulated the DNA of mice, and they grew human ears.
The next time you cut and paste something from http://www.arn.org/docs/behe/mb_mm92496.htm , please do not alter the first sentence from "Let us return to the question" to "Let us consider the question". People might not realize that you copied and pasted the entire thing from a website if you do that. I'll respond to this later.
Plagiarism is clearly defined and clearly dishonest - "merely bring[ing] evidences" without appropriate attribution will get you thrown out of most schools.kbc_1963 said:Did I by chance say that it was all mine? I merely bring evidences from those that have had the background and time to research each of the items I look for.
Did I say this? No. Reread my post. I did not say that the circumstances of earth happened everywhere, I said that if it could happen, and time is infinite, and there are infinite (because of time) places in the universe for this to happen, then eventually it will. And it did. Here. On Earth. To me, this is more likely than some sky man making a human out of dirt.
Because we can see every single planet in every single galaxy, right?
1) belief in earths everywhere---- evidence of even one zero
Where did you get this? I never once said this, or insinuated this. Everywhere? Obviously not. Other ones? Yes. Why? Because it is ridiculously unlikely that there isn't even one that has the correct environment for abiogenesis in the entire universe. And don't forget, like can exist in an environment that isn't exactly, or even remotely, like ours.
Because it is ridiculously unlikely that there isn't even one that has the correct environment for abiogenesis
Also, are you a biologist then? And you are combating the horrible evolution lies by discussing it with 15 year olds on forums? Please. If it was this easy to disprove evolution, evolution would have been the laughing stock of the modern world for decades.
kbc_1963 said:What if scientists manipulated the DNA of something to produce something common to another order? Scientists have done this--they manipulated the DNA of mice, and they grew human ears.
You better go check that again
Did I by chance say that it was all mine? I merely bring evidences from those that have had the background and time to research each of the items I look for.
It's called stealing an intellectual product - taking the words of another without attribution. That would be against the rules of ReligiousForums.
They have tried to get the two plants to mate, and were unable. O. gigas and O. lamarckiana simply will not breed together. They are seperate species, kbc--admit it! ...........
........In that case, will you concede that plants can evolve into new species of plant?
Plagiarism is clearly defined and clearly dishonest - "merely bring[ing] evidences" without appropriate attribution will get you thrown out of most schools.