I'm not sure what you mean by 'advanced' meanings.
Each word in Hebrew have more meaning than the basic word.
These are also a part of the text, although most translations don't take it into account as they translate the "loose" meaning.
Taken at face value, some hold value, some don't(to me).
Yes. Most people tend to only accept the ideas that suits their point of view
I totally agree with not stealing, cheating on one's spouse and not killing.
These are called, "Person to his friend" rules.
The not having any other gods before this particular god doesn't seem important to me.
Actually, Its a very important one. Most atheist agree with it (without even knowing
)
Perhaps it was important to the group of people the commandments were directed at, but I don't feel it personally influential.
The verse is:
לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל פָּנָי, לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה לְךָ פֶסֶל וְכָל תְּמוּנָה אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּׁמַיִם מִמַּעַל וַאֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ מִתָּחַת וַאֲשֶׁר בַּמַּיִם מִתַּחַת לָאָרֶץ. לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהֶם וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם, כִּי אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֵל קַנָּא, פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים לְשׂנְאָי, וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי.
לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל פָּנָי:
This means "You will not have any god other than me". This is not a rule, rather a statement.
Put a side for a second what you think the meaning of the word "god" is. What's important in this verse is the rest
I think this is the only part of this rule you might not agree, even though there is no real need for you to accept it as long as you accept the rest of it.
לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה לְךָ פֶסֶל וְכָל תְּמוּנָה אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּׁמַיִם מִמַּעַל וַאֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ מִתָּחַת וַאֲשֶׁר בַּמַּיִם מִתַּחַת לָאָרֶץ
This means: "You should not believe any material or idea based on them have any power to manipulate realty".
Meaning, don't think a statue, or someone, or an image or thought of someone have any "force" that can give you any value.
(This rule is what makes the idea of a cross so weird to the Jewish teachings, it is a clear "violation" of this rule.)
לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהֶם וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם
Do not "bow" to them or work for them (symbols, pictures, statues, stars, or anything natural or artificial).
Astrology for example, is considered a "violation" of this rule.
כִּי אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֵל קַנָּא, פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים לְשׂנְאָי, וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי.
This is a bit tricky, but in a nut shell it means:
כִּי אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֵל קַנָּא
I am you God. I am strict with these rules.
פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים
I who commands "fathers" wrongs on their "sons" (which is something proven to be correct in both social and biological sense).
שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים לְשׂנְאָי, וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי
This basically means, that "wrong doings" are less to affect humans than "right doing".
It means that good deed's impact on humans have much more value than bad ones.
After being married to someone who was both neglected and severely abused by their parents, I feel honoring parents is something to be desired, but in some cases should be abandoned as a person's parents can be dangerous.
Actually, it doesn't mean "respect" in the sense you understand today.
The word "כבד" mean to have value or "weigh" (importance).
It actually means that you need to understand the value and impact of your parents if you want to be able to live long life.
It is a well known thing in psychology, that forgiving your parents (as hard as it can be), is the only true way to "cure" your self of their impact.
We can see this many times, that no matter how harmful and abusive parents sometimes are, the children still love and respect them (not because their religious, rather this is how we evolved to behave).
פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים
This part (from what I detailed above), is exactly speaking of abusive parents.
It means that all the wrong doings of your parents, are "paid for" by their children. It seems harsh, but its an evolutionary "law" we today know as a fact.
Once you "respect" (give weigh) and understand this rule, you can "heal" yourself from this wrong doings (An abused child can become an abuser or the exact opposite for example).
Not taking a god's name in vain that I don't worship seems totally irrelevant
Really?
This rule is one of the most "neglected" rule humans neglect.
It literally means that you shouldn't tell people you are doing something in the name of God without an actual proof.
I think this is something most atheists (especially the famous ones like Dawkins, Harris and others) try to battle when ever they get the stage.
and the thing against making images seems detrimental, as images aid many people in various faiths in their worship.
Yes. That's exactly the problem.
People give stuff (from all religions or beliefs, btw) much more value than other humans for example.
It doesn't mean you should not use things to find comfort, rather don't think things have more value than they really are.
To me, keeping the sabbath also isn't relevant.
The word Sabbath, means cease. The Jews describe it as a seventh day, but many religion adopted the idea and simply changed the day.
So far, for the vast majority of people I met, the idea of sabbath (or weekly resting day) is practiced.
I Assume you also appreciate and value the one day rest you have in a week. (If you don't have one, I really recommend having one
)
This rule not only says you should remember this rest day, but you should guard it and work hard to have it.
Not only that, it also states you should provide this rest for any living being you are responsible for (including animals and workers).
The word "קדש" means "Make unique".
It means you should make this day a unique day (it has got no literal spiritual meaning).