(1) Blinding or putting out of eyes in the case of captives (
Judges 16:21 1 Samuel 11:2 2 Kings 25:7).
(2) Chaining by means of manacles or fetters of copper or iron, similar to our handcuffs fastened on the wrists and ankles and attached to each other by a chain (
Judges 16:21 2 Samuel 3:34 2 Kings 25:7); also alluded to in the life of Paul (
Acts 28:20 Ephesians 6:20 2 Timothy 1:16); and in the case of Peter (
Acts 12:6).
(3) Confiscation of property that had fallen under the ban, i.e. had been singled out for destruction by the special decree of Yahweh, as in
Numbers 21:2 Joshua 6:17; or had been reserved for the use of the army (
Deuteronomy 2:35;
Deuteronomy 20:14 Joshua 22:8); or given over to the priesthood (
Joshua 6:19). The term may be extended to include all things vowed or sanctified and those irrevocably devoted or consecrated to God (
Leviticus 27:21, 28). The idea is applied with special emphasis to those things which, because of their uncleanness, must not be used by the Israelites, though, through their warfare with the heathen, they might have come into possession of them (
Deuteronomy 7:26 1 Samuel 15:16-23).
(4) Dashing in Pieces (Psalms 2:9; Isaiah 13:18).
(5) Divine Visitation. See
VISITATION.
(6) Exposure to Wild Beasts (Leviticus 26:22; 1 Samuel 17:46; Daniel 6).
(7) Flaying(Rawlinson, Ancient Monarchy, I, 478; Nineveh and Babylon; mentioned figuratively in
Micah 3:3).
(8) Forfeiture (Ezra 10:8).
(9) Gallows in the modern sense probably were unknown to the ancients. Where the word occurs in
Esther 5:14;
Esther 6:4;
Esther 7:9, 10; 9:13, 15, it probably refers to a beam or pole on which the body was impaled and then elevated to a height of 50 cubits as an object of warning to the people (see "Hanging").
(10) Imprisonment is frequently referred to in both the Old Testament and the New Testament, indicating that this was a common mode of punishment among both the Israelites and other nations (
Genesis 40:3;
Genesis 42:17 Leviticus 24:12 Numbers 15:34 1 Kings 22:27 Jeremiah 37:15, 21 Luke 3:20 Acts 4:3, 10;
Acts 23:10; and the Epistles of Paul).
(11) Indignities.
In this term may be included all those outbursts of vengeance or other evil dispositions that were practiced in times or under circumstances when liberties with the prisoner were permitted on the part of bystanders or those who had charge beyond the execution of the judicial decree. Instances are found in the life of Christ (
Matthew 26:59, 67 Luke 22:63 John 18:22); also in the life of Paul (
Acts 23:2).
(12) Mutilation (Judges 1:6, 7; Ezekiel 23:25; 2 Maccabees 7).
(13) Plucking off the hair is alluded to as a mode of punishment in
Nehemiah 13:25 Isaiah 50:6.
(14) Prison garments were in vogue to mark the convicts (
Jeremiah 52:33).
(15) Restitution has been alluded to in the general introduction to this topic.
(16) Retaliation was recognized by Moses as a principle, but the application of it was left to the judge (
Leviticus 24:19-22). A fine example of it is found in the law of
Deuteronomy 19:19.
(17) Scorpions, Chastising with.
Probably the use of thongs armed with pointed pieces of lead or other metal (
1 Kings 12:11 2 Chronicles 10:14).
(18) Scourging. See separate article.
(19) Slavery. See separate article.
(20) Stocks. See
PRISON.