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#21
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muslim references: http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/A..._bin_talib.htm western references: http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/A..._bin_talib.htm |
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#22
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Here is a link that is not as detailed as the previous link… but here is another source…
http://www.cqpress.com/context/articles/epr_islam.html But I personally like the pervious link… because it’s focused more on the why and the how …rather than whom to blame… in other words its less bias… |
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#23
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__________________
“It is essential that the sufferings of Jews..become worse..I have an excellent idea..I shall induce anti-semites to liquidate Jewish wealth..The anti-semites shall be our best friends”. The founder of Zionism, Theodor Herzl. Diary, Part I, pp. 16
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#24
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“It is essential that the sufferings of Jews..become worse..I have an excellent idea..I shall induce anti-semites to liquidate Jewish wealth..The anti-semites shall be our best friends”. The founder of Zionism, Theodor Herzl. Diary, Part I, pp. 16
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#25
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__________________
"O you who believe! fear Allah as He should be feared, and die not except in a state of Islam"[3.102] |
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#26
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here is a small bit I pulled out from the second link... http://www.cqpress.com/context/articles/epr_islam.html "When Muhammad died, Muslims faced the challenge of creating institutions to preserve the community. Muslims believe that the revelation was completed with the work of Muhammad, who is described as the seal of the prophets. The leaders after Muhammad were described only as khalifahs (caliphs), or successors to the Prophet, and not as prophets themselves. The first four caliphs were companions of the Prophet and their period of rule (632-661) is described by the majority of Muslims as the age of the Rightly Guided Caliphate. This was an era of expansion during which Muslims conquered the Sasanid (Persian) Empire and took control of the North African and Syrian territories of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. The Muslim community was transformed from a small city-state controlling much of the Arabian Peninsula into a major world empire extending from northwest Africa to central Asia. This era ended with the first civil war (656-661), in which specific conflicts between particular interest groups provided the foundation for the broader political and theological divisions in the community and the Islamic tradition. The first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, had been successful in maintaining a sense of communal unity. But tensions within the community surfaced during the era of the third caliph, Uthman, who was from the Umayyad clan. Uthman was murdered in 656 by troops who mutinied over matters of pay and privileges, but the murder was the beginning of a major civil war. The mutinous troops and others in Medina declared the new caliph to be Ali, a cousin of Muhammad who was an early convert and also the husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah (and, therefore, the father of Muhammad's only grandsons, Hasan and Husayn). According to Shi'i Muslim tradition, there were many people who believed that Muhammad had designated Ali as his successor. An Arabic term for faction or party is shi'ah, and the party or shi'ah of Ali emerged clearly during this first civil war. Ali's leadership was first challenged by a group including Aisha, the Prophet's most prominent wife and a daughter of the first caliph, Abu Bakr. Although Ali defeated this group militarily, it represented the tradition that became part of the mainstream majority, or Sunni, tradition in Islam, recognizing that all four of the first four caliphs were rightly guided and legitimate." |
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